Streetlights were first employed by the Ancient Greeks and Romans for the purpose of security including visual awareness to prevent tripping and crime prevention. Oil lamps were used by the two civilizations as they were adept at providing a moderate and long-lasting flame. Often slaves were employed with the express role of lighting the oil lamps in front of the villas they were staying in, such a slave was called a ‘laternarius’. Well into the Middle Ages, the practice of having an individual assigned to lighting lamps continued, with ‘link boys’ who escorted people from place to place.

It was a long time before incandescent lamps were invented, meaning the gu 10 had a while to wait. Gas lighting was the next step employed in street lighting. These early gas lamps required a lamplighter to walk the entire town at dusk, lighting each lamp. Later devices removed the need for such a paid individual, as they incorporated ignition devices which would strike the flame automatically the moment the gas supply was turned on.

The gray wolf is the ancestor of the domestic dog, though you would never see one in any car beds, and the largest existing wild member of the Canidae family. In the past, gray wolves numbered many in much of Eurasia, North America and North Africa but now their geographic range has lessened as have their numbers. This is due to human encroachment and the destruction of the wolf’s territory.

Social predators, gray wolves live in nuclear families which are a mated pair preside over. Wolf pairs are known to not just look after their own offspring but to often adopt immature wolves. Gray wolves are apex predators with only tigers and humans posing any significant threats to them. Wolves are generally monogamous and mated pair usually remain together for the duration of their lives. Unpaired females are a rarity as males usually predominate in any given wolf population. Females usually have just one cub at a time rather than multiple litters, if there is more than one the female is likely to turn to infanticide.

Chance, a concept with which anyone who takes part in lotteries engages with continuously, first appeared in philosophy under the Greeks. Leucippus first discussed the notion of chance when describing atomism; “The cosmos, then, became like a spherical form in this way: the atoms being submitted to a casual and unpredictable movement, quickly and incessantly”.

Many of the early Greek philosophers did not believe that chance existed yet for Aristotle, luck (tyche) and chance (automaton) were everyday phenomena. Yet Aristotle’s concept of chance was rather complex. He did not believe that chance events were uncaused, he saw them as the result of the concurrence of two causal events. For example, a falling stone that happens to hit a tree is indeed a chance event. Yet the growing of the tree and the falling of the stone were determined events, not chance ones. Aristotle differentiated between two forms of chance; luck and chance. Tyche (luck), is a phenomenon that operates in the human mind at the will of the gods whilst Automaton (chance) is a phenomenon that operates in the realm of nature.

Below is a list of the top 5 Doctor Who episodes ever made as compiled by the Telegraph.

- Blink (David Tennant, 2007): Scary statues that move and attack when one is not looking at them. The protagonist Sally Sparrow is helped by the Doctor to overcome them.
- The Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Eve (William Hartnell, 1966): The doctor’s companion Steven is left to cope with the massacre of the Huguenots in 1572, France. Glad r4 cards weren't caught up in the action!
- Inferno (Jon Pertwee, 1970): The Doctor witnesses the destruction of Earth on a parallel universe, the result of humans meddling with our planet.
- Human Nature/Family of Blood (David Tennant, 2007): The Doctor adopts the role of a human school-teacher named John Smith on the eve of World War I.
- The Curse of Fenric (Sylvester McCoy, 1989): Ancient evil, impiety, betrayal and sexuality are awakened in this tale which incorporates a scene entirely spoken in Russian.
- City of Death (Tom Baker, 1979): The final episode of this 4 part story enjoyed the highest viewing numbers of any episode in Doctor Who’s history at 16.1 million. The story centred on a plot to steal the Mona Lisa.
- The Empty Child/The Doctor Dances (Christopher Eccleston, 2005): The Doctor and Rose are in London during the Second World War where people’s faces are being morphed into gas masks and a nameless child is searching for his ‘mummy’.

I'm going over to Stratford after work this evening to check out the new Westfield shopping centre, hopefully it won't be as crazy busy as it was when it opened yesterday.

I just want to go for a mooch about, I don't really need anything but might pick up a couple of things if they take my fancy!

However, I might've made a mistake by asking my boyfriend to join me. I love him dearly, and wanted his company, but now he's going on about how he needs new trousers and jeans for work so now I can just see him taking over my nice mooching session with searching every store for jeans for men!

I'm not best pleased to be honest, jeans shopping is boring enough for yourself, let alone someone else! And in the years we've been together we've been down this road too many times!

There goes my shopping trip...

Photo: jaimelondonboy (Flickr)